Costa, D. P.1982. Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte flux and seawater drink- ing in the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Physiological Zoology 55 (1): 35-44.
Geraci, J. R., and V. J. Lounsbury. 1993. Marine mammals ashore: A field guide for strandings. Galveston: Texas A%26M Sea Grant.
Klaassen, C. D., and D. L. Eaton. 1991. “Principles of toxicology.” In Toxicology: The basic science of poisons. M. O. Amdur, J. Doull, and C. D. Klaassen, eds., 12-49. New York: Pergamon Press.
Mulcahy, D., and B. Ballachey. 1993. “Hydrocarbon concentrations in tissues of sea otters collected following the Exxon Valdez oil spill.” In Abstracts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium. Anchorage, Alaska, Feb. 2-5, 1993: 293- 295.
Neff, J. M. 1990. “Composition and fate of petroleum and spill-treating agents in the marine environment.” In Sea Mammals and oil: Confronting the risks. J. R. Geraci and D. J. St. Aubin, eds., 1-33. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
St. Aubin, D. J. 1990. “Physiologic and toxic effects on polar bears.” In Sea mammals and oil: Confronting the risks. J. R. Geraci and D. J. St. Aubin, eds., 235-39. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
Williams, T. M. 1990. Evaluating the long term effects of crude oil exposure in sea otters. Wildlife Journal 13 (3): 42-48.
Williams, T. M., and R. W. Davis. 1990. Sea otter rehabilitation program: 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Report to Exxon Company, USA. International Wild- life Research.
Williams, T.M., R. A. Kastelein, R. W. Davis, and J. A. Thomas. 1988. The effects of oil contamination and cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). I. Thermoregulatory implications based on pelt studies. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 (12): 2776-81.
Williams, T.M., J. McBain, R.K. Wilson, and R.W. Davis. 1990.”Clinical evaluation and cleaning of sea otters affected by the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill”. In Sea otter symposium: Proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valedz oil spill into Prince William Sound, Anchorage Alaska, 17-19 April 1990. K Bayha and J. Kormendy, eds. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90 (12): 236-57.